Development in the graphene synthesis methods: A review

Abstract

Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, has attracted significant attention due to its exceptional mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties. The synthesis of high-quality graphene on a large scale and at a low cost remains a pivotal research challenge. This review provides an overview of the primary graphene synthesis methods, including mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), chemical reduction of graphene oxide, and other emerging techniques. Each method's benefits and drawbacks are discussed: mechanical exfoliation yields high-quality graphene but is not scalable; CVD offers good quality and scalability but at high temperatures and costs; chemical reduction is more cost-effective but often results in lower-quality graphene; and emerging methods are promising but still under development. By examining these advancements and challenges, the review aims to highlight the current state of graphene synthesis and suggest directions for future research.