Pakistani Muslims and Ideological Representation in Bollywood: A CDA of The Kashmir Files

Abstract

The media, especially movies, play a significant role in disseminating information and shaping real-life images using language as a powerful social tool. Critical analysis of movie discourse has become a popular trend among discourse analysts, yet there is limited research on films related to the massacre of Hindu Pandits. In recent years, there has been an increase in anti-Pakistani/Muslim movies produced in Bollywood, coupled with a growing interest among students from the sub-continent in these films. This trend underscores the need for research into the portrayal of Pakistani Muslims in Bollywood movies. This article critically analyzes “The Kashmir Files,” a movie accused of being propagandistic, using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with Van Dijk’s framework. The analysis aims to reveal any ideological manipulations and misrepresentations in the movie. It was found that the film employs a discursive strategy of in-group favoritism versus out-group derogation. The filmmakers use language as a tool to portray Muslims negatively, presenting a distorted and unrealistic image of Pakistani/Muslim history, culture, and ideologies. This approach indicates the film’s underlying ideological biases and potential impact on viewers’ perceptions.
Keywords: Van Dijk’s Framework, Critical Discourse Analysis, Ideological Biases, Muslim Portrayal, Propaganda